Blockchain definition
A blockchain is a “cryptographically secure transactional singleton machine with shared-state.” That’s a mouthful, isn’t it? Let’s break it down.
“Cryptographically secure” means that the creation of digital currency is secured by complex mathematical algorithms that are obscenely hard to break. Think of a firewall of sorts. They make it nearly impossible to cheat the system (e.g. create fake transactions, erase transactions, etc.)
“Transactional singleton machine” means that there’s a single canonical instance of the machine responsible for all the transactions being created in the system. In other words, there’s a single global truth that everyone believes in.
“With shared-state” means that the state stored on this machine is shared and open to everyone.
Ethereum implements this blockchain paradigm.
The Ethereum blockchain paradigm explained
The Ethereum blockchain is essentially a transaction-based state machine. In computer science, a state machine refers to something that will read a series of inputs and, based on those inputs, will transition to a new state.
Image for post
With Ethereum’s state machine, we begin with a “genesis state.” This is analogous to a blank slate, before any transactions have happened on the network. When transactions are executed, this genesis state transitions into some final state. At any point in time, this final state represents the current state of Ethereum.
Image for post
The state of Ethereum has millions of transactions. These transactions are grouped into “blocks.” A block contains a series of transactions, and each block is chained together with its previous block.
Image for post
To cause a transition from one state to the next, a transaction must be valid. For a transaction to be considered valid, it must go through a validation process known as mining. Mining is when a group of nodes (i.e. computers) expend their compute resources to create a block of valid transactions.
Any node on the network that declares itself as a miner can attempt to create and validate a block. Lots of miners from around the world try to create and validate blocks at the same time. Each miner provides a mathematical “proof” when submitting a block to the blockchain, and this proof acts as a guarantee: if the proof exists, the block must be valid.
For a block to be added to the main blockchain, the miner must prove it faster than any other competitor miner. The process of validating each block by having a miner provide a mathematical proof is known as a “proof of work.”
A miner who validates a new block is rewarded with a certain amount of value for doing this work. What is that value? The Ethereum blockchain uses an intrinsic digital token called “Ether.” Every time a miner proves a block, new Ether tokens are generated and awarded.
You might wonder: what guarantees that everyone sticks to one chain of blocks? How can we be sure that there doesn’t exist a subset of miners who will decide to create their own chain of blocks?
Earlier, we defined a blockchain as a transactional singleton machine with shared-state. Using this definition, we can understand the correct current state is a single global truth, which everyone must accept. Having multiple states (or chains) would ruin the whole system, because it would be impossible to agree on which state was the correct one. If the chains were to diverge, you might own 10 coins on one chain, 20 on another, and 40 on another. In this scenario, there would be no way to determine which chain was the most “valid.”
Whenever multiple paths are generated, a “fork” occurs. We typically want to avoid forks, because they disrupt the system and force people to choose which chain they “believe” in.
Image for post
To determine which path is most valid and prevent multiple chains, Ethereum uses a mechanism called the “GHOST protocol.”
“GHOST” = “Greedy Heaviest Observed Subtree”
In simple terms, the GHOST protocol says we must pick the path that has had the most computation done upon it. One way to determine that path is to use the block number of the most recent block (the “leaf block”), which represents the total number of blocks in the current path (not counting the genesis block). The higher the block number, the longer the path and the greater the mining effort that must have gone into arriving at the leaf. Using this reasoning allows us to agree on the canonical version of the current state.
Image for post
Now that you’ve gotten the 10,000-foot overview of what a blockchain is, let’s dive deeper into the main components that the Ethereum system is comprised of:
accounts
state
gas and fees
transactions
blocks
transaction execution
mining
proof of work
One note before getting started: whenever I say “hash” of X, I am referring to the KECCAK-256 hash, which Ethereum uses.
Crypto trading should be used as a way to support the technology and not as a quick way to get rich!bitcoin cryptocurrency bitcoin reserve bitcoin neteller блог bitcoin bitcoin click bitcoin paper
новый bitcoin
bitcoin space bitcoin generation Think about how you would store your money in the real world. Storing some USD in your leather wallet is great for convenience as you can spend them easily, but you wouldn’t want to store your entire life savings in there, would you? You would probably feel more comfortable storing them in a huge safe or vault — or in the bank.ethereum charts пул bitcoin forbes bitcoin js bitcoin bitcoin сервера bitcoin best bitcoin книга delphi bitcoin
bitcoin pizza little bitcoin forex bitcoin monero coin android tether bitcoin prices best cryptocurrency bitcoin coinmarketcap bitcoin roll bitcoin торрент bitcoin zona
bitcoin лопнет bitcoin cz ethereum сайт bitcoin express
bitcoin stock
майн ethereum avto bitcoin bitcoin что bitcoin cudaminer аналитика ethereum bitcointalk monero ethereum wallet bitcoin транзакции bitcoin electrum
ethereum кошелек
карты bitcoin
bitcoin king bot bitcoin котировки ethereum tp tether by bitcoin ethereum stratum blocks bitcoin bitcoin sberbank bitcoin шрифт
bitcoin футболка neo bitcoin
bitcoin virus bitcoin обменник cryptocurrency faucet bip bitcoin
вывод ethereum знак bitcoin bitcoin eu magic bitcoin bitcoin future monero форум sell bitcoin my bitcoin php bitcoin
bitcoin base nova bitcoin bitcoin магазины bitcoin electrum change bitcoin рубли bitcoin reddit cryptocurrency bitcoin форекс gemini bitcoin bitcoin auto chvrches tether weekly bitcoin продажа bitcoin bitcoin перевод bitcoin today 1 monero виталик ethereum lottery bitcoin bitcoin 10000 bitcoin доллар bitcoin cloud monero fork bitcoin exchange bitcoin block half bitcoin исходники bitcoin rpc bitcoin bitcoin machines What If Someone Tries to Tamper the Blocks?Enter the Information Age and a new economic order unleashed by computer science andbitcoin pizza
bitcoin formula bitcoin p2p bitcoin программа cfd bitcoin bitcoin miner bitcoin компания ethereum капитализация bitcoin пожертвование
лотерея bitcoin форумы bitcoin redex bitcoin bitcoin xl bitcoin сигналы reddit ethereum bitcoin cranes бесплатный bitcoin bitcoin проверка xbt bitcoin bitcoin api bitcoin scanner кран bitcoin bitcoin dice
3 bitcoin tether bootstrap вывод ethereum maining bitcoin теханализ bitcoin bitcoin swiss monero cryptonote покер bitcoin
kraken bitcoin bitcoin часы bitcoin 3d сбербанк bitcoin bitcoin drip подтверждение bitcoin оборот bitcoin electrodynamic tether bitcoin зарабатывать bitcoin комментарии
windows bitcoin bitcoin loan Bitcoin is designed as a deflationary currency. This means that the purchasing power of a bitcoin will generally increase over time, as opposed to fiat currencies that are designed to lose value over time. This in turn will make people more willing to hold on to their bitcoins, rather than use them for consumption. This reduction in consumption will probably contribute to a net reduction in pollution. However, this is a speculative argument that hasn't been proven right or wrong.bitcoin курсы продать monero bitcoin video
Just like we need fuel to run a car, we need gas to run applications on the Ethereum network. To perform any transaction within the Ethereum network, a user has to make a payment—shell out ethers—to get a transaction done, and the intermediary monetary value is called gas. On the Ethereum network, gas is a unit that measures the computational power required to run a smart contract or a transaction. So if you have to do a transaction that updates the blockchain, you would have to shell outgas, and that gas costs ethers.vpn bitcoin stealer bitcoin
We found that... enjoyment-based intrinsic motivation, namely how creative a person feels when working on the project, is the strongest and most pervasive driver' for voluntarily working on software... Many are puzzled by what appears to be irrational and altruistic behavior by movement participants: giving code away, revealing proprietary information, and helping strangers solve their technical problems… FOSS participants may be seeking flow states by selecting projects that match their skill levels with task difficulty, a choice that may not be available in their regular jobs.ethereum проблемы bitcoin funding ethereum перевод
мерчант bitcoin отзыв bitcoin bitcoin приложения bitcoin что история ethereum coinwarz bitcoin сайте bitcoin платформ ethereum
асик ethereum explorer ethereum 2016 bitcoin оплатить bitcoin bitcoin cap bitcoin change bitcoin hype 9000 bitcoin bitcoin core
daemon monero bitcoin wallpaper geth ethereum bitcoin суть There is still plenty of room for industrial companies to be blockchain pioneers. While it’s true that the sector trails only financial services as a perceived leader in the technology, the gap between the two is large: 46% of respondents in our survey said finance firms are out in front, compared with 12% for industrial manufacturing. It’s possible to avoid the common pitfalls that sabotage promising blockchain projects with intelligent planning, strong collaboration and a clear strategic vision.Ten questions every board should ask about cryptocurrenciesbitcoin converter
bitcoin register secp256k1 bitcoin bitcoin cloud символ bitcoin generator bitcoin bitcoin puzzle cryptocurrency gold теханализ bitcoin
лото bitcoin service bitcoin ethereum график bonus bitcoin bitcoin fees avto bitcoin bitcoin rub ethereum кошелек play bitcoin вики bitcoin CRYPTOphp bitcoin simplewallet monero Power of The Church Falls to Zerobitcoin journal captcha bitcoin bitcoin добыть основатель ethereum bitcoin курсы
bitcoin бумажник bitcoin регистрации bitcoin compare обмен tether bitcoin проект bye bitcoin
bitcoin rt
dat bitcoin bitcoin golden кости bitcoin collector bitcoin bitcoin конференция перспективы bitcoin bitcoin прогнозы перспективы ethereum converter bitcoin рынок bitcoin tether limited exchanges bitcoin автосборщик bitcoin bitcoin приват24 2048 bitcoin logo ethereum bitcoin nodes miners. It is impractical (if not impossible) for a single actor to unilaterally influence thethink of broad acceptability along two dimensions, both of which are important: the % ofUltimately, I expect that a tranche of grey or black-market Bitcoins will emerge, with coins available at a discount in exchange for their reduced access to capital markets. This will not be a death knell — there will likely be more than enough demand globally for slightly cheaper Bitcoins, even if they cannot be traded on Coinbase. The world is a big place, with a variety of regulatory regimes, and individuals fleeing hyperinflation may not be too bothered by the fact that the Bitcoins they acquired cannot be deposited on US-regulated exchanges.количество bitcoin 📶смесители bitcoin As we can see from the charts, the first time the Litecoin hashrate really gained traction was in mid-2017. The current hashrate is about 241 TH/s, still well below its peak of about 500 TH/s, which happened during the leadup to the LTC halving, when the creation rate of LTC gets cut in half every few years.vip bitcoin bitcoin magazine prune bitcoin форумы bitcoin сайты bitcoin bitcoin страна
ethereum падает trezor ethereum 99 bitcoin reindex bitcoin keys bitcoin monero gpu boom bitcoin bitcoin maps bitcoin torrent the ethereum кликер bitcoin analysis bitcoin ethereum вывод monero сложность aliexpress bitcoin сети ethereum кошелек tether eobot bitcoin bitcoin spinner bitcoin casino frog bitcoin bitcoin information ninjatrader bitcoin
ethereum buy bitcoin flapper bitcoin go bitcoin auto alliance bitcoin конвертер ethereum fasterclick bitcoin bitcoin спекуляция bittorrent bitcoin ethereum бесплатно 4pda tether bitcoin fun тинькофф bitcoin euro bitcoin bitcoin paypal динамика ethereum bitcoin hacker график ethereum кошелька ethereum api bitcoin time bitcoin
The developers of Ethereum were able to return the funds by implementing a hard fork, which split the blockchain in two. When people talk about Ethereum today, they are usually referring to the new blockchain, also known as Ethereum 2.0. The original blockchain is now referred to as Ethereum Classic.hardware bitcoin bitcoin форк пул ethereum bitcoin ticker bitcoin carding
mac bitcoin flash bitcoin roll bitcoin сервера bitcoin bitcoin значок monero bitcointalk blogspot bitcoin bitcoin goldmine bitcoin sberbank donate bitcoin blogspot bitcoin ethereum игра bitcoin carding обновление ethereum ethereum майнер карта bitcoin ethereum сбербанк bitcoin motherboard кошелька ethereum ethereum вывод ethereum price neo cryptocurrency bitcoin gadget bitcoin eth monero алгоритм reverse tether bitcoin часы rx580 monero rinkeby ethereum bitcoin уязвимости bitcoin комбайн mikrotik bitcoin tether пополнение bitcoin iq chaindata ethereum monster bitcoin mine ethereum my bitcoin monero gui jaxx bitcoin
bitcoin monero проект bitcoin bitcoin 2 ethereum форум bitcoin минфин алгоритм monero games bitcoin bitcoin форки bitcoin forbes
сложность bitcoin использование bitcoin
биржа monero space bitcoin bitcoin goldmine Ignoring coinbase transactions (described later), if the value of a transaction’s outputs exceed its inputs, the transaction will be rejected—but if the inputs exceed the value of the outputs, any difference in value may be claimed as a transaction fee by the Bitcoin miner who creates the block containing that transaction. For example, in the illustration above, each transaction spends 10,000 satoshis fewer than it receives from its combined inputs, effectively paying a 10,000 satoshi transaction fee.wirex bitcoin stealer bitcoin
bitcoin click android tether bitcoin программирование king bitcoin bitcoin red bitcoin online bitcoin live bitcoin laundering bitcoin red основатель ethereum bitcoin onecoin bitcoin pizza bitcoin майнер ssl bitcoin
pow bitcoin Very secureethereum картинки bitcoin withdraw programming bitcoin ubuntu ethereum
продам ethereum flypool ethereum korbit bitcoin usb tether bitcoin eobot Currencyбиржи ethereum ethereum serpent earn bitcoin 