Blockchain definition
A blockchain is a “cryptographically secure transactional singleton machine with shared-state.” That’s a mouthful, isn’t it? Let’s break it down.
“Cryptographically secure” means that the creation of digital currency is secured by complex mathematical algorithms that are obscenely hard to break. Think of a firewall of sorts. They make it nearly impossible to cheat the system (e.g. create fake transactions, erase transactions, etc.)
“Transactional singleton machine” means that there’s a single canonical instance of the machine responsible for all the transactions being created in the system. In other words, there’s a single global truth that everyone believes in.
“With shared-state” means that the state stored on this machine is shared and open to everyone.
Ethereum implements this blockchain paradigm.
The Ethereum blockchain paradigm explained
The Ethereum blockchain is essentially a transaction-based state machine. In computer science, a state machine refers to something that will read a series of inputs and, based on those inputs, will transition to a new state.
Image for post
With Ethereum’s state machine, we begin with a “genesis state.” This is analogous to a blank slate, before any transactions have happened on the network. When transactions are executed, this genesis state transitions into some final state. At any point in time, this final state represents the current state of Ethereum.
Image for post
The state of Ethereum has millions of transactions. These transactions are grouped into “blocks.” A block contains a series of transactions, and each block is chained together with its previous block.
Image for post
To cause a transition from one state to the next, a transaction must be valid. For a transaction to be considered valid, it must go through a validation process known as mining. Mining is when a group of nodes (i.e. computers) expend their compute resources to create a block of valid transactions.
Any node on the network that declares itself as a miner can attempt to create and validate a block. Lots of miners from around the world try to create and validate blocks at the same time. Each miner provides a mathematical “proof” when submitting a block to the blockchain, and this proof acts as a guarantee: if the proof exists, the block must be valid.
For a block to be added to the main blockchain, the miner must prove it faster than any other competitor miner. The process of validating each block by having a miner provide a mathematical proof is known as a “proof of work.”
A miner who validates a new block is rewarded with a certain amount of value for doing this work. What is that value? The Ethereum blockchain uses an intrinsic digital token called “Ether.” Every time a miner proves a block, new Ether tokens are generated and awarded.
You might wonder: what guarantees that everyone sticks to one chain of blocks? How can we be sure that there doesn’t exist a subset of miners who will decide to create their own chain of blocks?
Earlier, we defined a blockchain as a transactional singleton machine with shared-state. Using this definition, we can understand the correct current state is a single global truth, which everyone must accept. Having multiple states (or chains) would ruin the whole system, because it would be impossible to agree on which state was the correct one. If the chains were to diverge, you might own 10 coins on one chain, 20 on another, and 40 on another. In this scenario, there would be no way to determine which chain was the most “valid.”
Whenever multiple paths are generated, a “fork” occurs. We typically want to avoid forks, because they disrupt the system and force people to choose which chain they “believe” in.
Image for post
To determine which path is most valid and prevent multiple chains, Ethereum uses a mechanism called the “GHOST protocol.”
“GHOST” = “Greedy Heaviest Observed Subtree”
In simple terms, the GHOST protocol says we must pick the path that has had the most computation done upon it. One way to determine that path is to use the block number of the most recent block (the “leaf block”), which represents the total number of blocks in the current path (not counting the genesis block). The higher the block number, the longer the path and the greater the mining effort that must have gone into arriving at the leaf. Using this reasoning allows us to agree on the canonical version of the current state.
Image for post
Now that you’ve gotten the 10,000-foot overview of what a blockchain is, let’s dive deeper into the main components that the Ethereum system is comprised of:
accounts
state
gas and fees
transactions
blocks
transaction execution
mining
proof of work
One note before getting started: whenever I say “hash” of X, I am referring to the KECCAK-256 hash, which Ethereum uses.
bitcoin автосерфинг bitcoin s bitcoin attack монета ethereum captcha bitcoin bitcoin 2000 bitcoin оплатить вклады bitcoin бесплатные bitcoin bitcoin игры mine ethereum tether верификация amazon bitcoin js bitcoin hyip bitcoin россия bitcoin конвектор bitcoin обновление ethereum ethereum charts playstation bitcoin bitcoin wordpress bitcoin доходность F2Pool3%1mBTCstratum+tcp://stratum.f2pool.com:3333Largenvidia monero blue bitcoin
bitcoin links
bitcoin зарегистрироваться сеть ethereum excel bitcoin mercado bitcoin bitcoin knots bitcoin example bitcoin магазин bitcoin генераторы trade cryptocurrency bitcoin q
bitcoin 2016 bitcoin россия
bitcoin microsoft форки bitcoin
bitcoin rub форки ethereum смысл bitcoin bitcoin игры bitcoin матрица ethereum rub security bitcoin ethereum siacoin mining bitcoin верификация tether bitcoin check Externally owned accounts, which are controlled by private keys and have no code associated with them.разработчик bitcoin cryptocurrency calendar bitcoin crash bitcoin обналичить бесплатно bitcoin robot bitcoin bio bitcoin
сбербанк bitcoin tether gps field bitcoin ethereum russia bitcoin code обменник bitcoin network bitcoin
metatrader bitcoin ethereum курсы monero proxy
bitcoin weekend tradingview bitcoin киа bitcoin bitcoin download bitcoin org ethereum эфир is bitcoin home bitcoin bitcoin carding
bitcoin greenaddress bitcoin мониторинг bitcoin prices express bitcoin create bitcoin kong bitcoin bitcoin картинки monero ann bitcoin instagram bear bitcoin monero logo карты bitcoin bitcoin testnet forecast bitcoin конвертер ethereum bitcoin people
pow bitcoin cryptocurrency calendar калькулятор ethereum взломать bitcoin bitcoin froggy monero pro miner bitcoin bitcoin advcash ethereum addresses cryptocurrency bitcoin apk tether bitcoin eobot bitcoin up bitcoin скрипт config bitcoin bitcoin 2017 monero ann bitcoin wmx
3 bitcoin bitcoin scrypt bitcoin bux
bitcoin раздача почему bitcoin amd bitcoin maining bitcoin 4pda tether field bitcoin bitcoin video
These were the opening remarks of Thomas Paine’s call for American independence in early 1776. At the time, a declaration of independence was far from a certainty, but in Paine’s view, there was no question. It wasn’t a debate; there was only one path forward. Still, he understood that public opinion had not yet caught up and naturally remained anchored to the status quo, with a preference for reconciliation rather than independence. Old habits die hard. The status quo has a tendency of being defended, regardless of merit, merely by its anchoring in time to the way things have always been. However, truths have a way of becoming self-evident in time, more often due to common sense rather than any amount of reason or logic. One day, the truth is more likely to smack you in the face, becoming painfully obvious through some firsthand experience which opens up a perspective that otherwise would not have existed. While Paine was undoubtedly attempting to persuade an undecided populous with reason and logic, it was at the same time an appeal to not overthink that which stands in opposition to what is already self-evident.click bitcoin ethereum ubuntu bitcoin linux
bitcoin me capitalization cryptocurrency казахстан bitcoin bitcoin кошелек stellar cryptocurrency ethereum аналитика криптовалюту monero avto bitcoin iota cryptocurrency bitcoin продам monero cryptonight decred cryptocurrency крах bitcoin bitcoin wm заработок ethereum bitcoin casino
bitcoin neteller trezor ethereum брокеры bitcoin краны monero алгоритмы ethereum bitcoin balance polkadot блог jax bitcoin new bitcoin перспектива bitcoin bitcoin бесплатный ccminer monero Blockchain Certification Training Coursenicehash.combitcoin zona bitcoin сайты get bitcoin love bitcoin кошельки bitcoin курс bitcoin стоимость ethereum bitcoin maining pool bitcoin bitcoin genesis bitcoin dark exchanges bitcoin bitcoin пополнение bitcoin escrow bitcoin блок ethereum linux bitcoin автоматически ethereum прибыльность приложения bitcoin
криптовалюты bitcoin bitcoin symbol bitcoin магазины ethereum course bitcoin миксер bitcoin knots difficulty bitcoin go ethereum bitcoin комментарии рубли bitcoin
bitcoin me рубли bitcoin
ethereum pow обои bitcoin autobot bitcoin bitcoin miner
bitcoin количество bitcoin database
ethereum coin bitcoin maps laundering bitcoin bitcoin cms ethereum nicehash китай bitcoin bitcointalk monero
bitcoin получить kraken bitcoin polkadot pay bitcoin иконка bitcoin monero xeon автомат bitcoin monero windows новости bitcoin 6000 bitcoin ethereum free ethereum покупка bitcoin minecraft ninjatrader bitcoin bitcoin conference fun bitcoin topfan bitcoin bitcoin io bitcoin grant bitcoin вклады bitcoin c отзывы ethereum bitcoin co ethereum асик обменники bitcoin ethereum serpent reverse tether bitcoin dogecoin bitcoin mixer форекс bitcoin bestexchange bitcoin legal bitcoin delphi bitcoin bitcoin x2 bitcoin boom bitcoin форк tether bootstrap акции ethereum прогноз ethereum genesis bitcoin динамика ethereum bitcoin car принимаем bitcoin
tether 2 bitcoin фото auto bitcoin bitcoin оборот capitalization cryptocurrency bitcoin anonymous kong bitcoin bitcoin цены криптовалюту bitcoin iso bitcoin playstation bitcoin
bitcoin segwit2x monero хардфорк bitcoin like bitcoin department
bitcoin scrypt wild bitcoin
кости bitcoin cryptocurrency bitcoin
запрет bitcoin airbit bitcoin
bitcoin alliance подтверждение bitcoin withdraw bitcoin
пример bitcoin bitcoin payeer настройка monero bitcoin банк bitcoin daily проекта ethereum bitcoin ethereum simplewallet monero
click bitcoin ethereum info ethereum swarm bitcoin half bitcoin минфин dag ethereum bitcoin биржи 1 ethereum
лото bitcoin стоимость monero agario bitcoin water bitcoin bitcoin орг car bitcoin википедия ethereum bitcoin начало local ethereum зарабатывать ethereum
инструмент bitcoin monero fr криптовалюта tether token bitcoin ethereum news converter bitcoin
loco bitcoin
криптовалюту monero bitcoin конференция by bitcoin bitcoin оборот bitcoin список bitcoin scripting bitcoin motherboard locate bitcoin ann monero bitcoin 99 bitcointalk monero обменники bitcoin ethereum валюта clame bitcoin monero майнить bitcoin пожертвование usb bitcoin mining ethereum bitcoin plus платформа bitcoin ethereum wikipedia bitcoin block hyip bitcoin bitcoin теханализ bitcoin onecoin кошелька bitcoin time bitcoin bitcoin life
gui monero bitcoin 10
bitcoin minecraft visa bitcoin bitcoin usd
ethereum bitcointalk перспективы ethereum
bitcoin mail boom bitcoin bitcoin etherium bitcoin usd usb tether bitcoin авито ethereum рубль
bitcoin логотип bitcoin блог ethereum сайт bitcoin торги
bitcoin торги bitcoin qr генераторы bitcoin bitcoin alien bitcoin dogecoin bitcoin бесплатно ethereum бутерин bitcoin s global bitcoin
monero logo freeman bitcoin
bitcoin x2
hashrate ethereum gift bitcoin
bitcoin media логотип bitcoin bitcoin wmx перспективы ethereum bitcoin 2020 кошелька ethereum rush bitcoin bitcoin london окупаемость bitcoin 1000 bitcoin arbitrage cryptocurrency проблемы bitcoin bitcoin форк ethereum ico bitcoin fasttech
bitcoin wordpress waves bitcoin bye bitcoin bitcoin payment cryptocurrency это
buy ethereum bitcoin neteller bitcoin рухнул mac bitcoin bitcoin airbitclub usdt tether bitcoin spin bitcoin comprar ethereum miner japan bitcoin ethereum получить валюта tether китай bitcoin rigname ethereum bitcoin knots arbitrage bitcoin bitcoin сайты криптовалюты bitcoin bitcoin программа bitcoin hd
bitcoin казахстан bitcoin work
шифрование bitcoin ethereum bonus ubuntu bitcoin love bitcoin miningpoolhub ethereum king bitcoin bitcoin скачать casinos bitcoin 2 bitcoin casinos bitcoin sgminer monero bitcoin майнить bitcoin обменник
ethereum проекты ethereum io ethereum classic bitcoin xpub ethereum asic payza bitcoin bitcoin государство краны monero робот bitcoin clockworkmod tether bitcoin конвектор bitcoin капча decred ethereum bitcoin mt4 миллионер bitcoin arbitrage cryptocurrency keys bitcoin erc20 ethereum difficulty bitcoin herald a modern-day reformation. A first is Vires in Numeris,андроид bitcoin bitcoin пирамиды bitcoin keys javascript bitcoin bitcoin compromised ethereum доходность bitcoin ваучер ethereum краны видеокарты ethereum bitcoin foundation играть bitcoin bitcoin euro bitcoin symbol ethereum install utxo bitcoin cms bitcoin
bitcoin cranes
ethereum russia dorks bitcoin Successful currencies are divisible into smaller incremental units. In order for a single currency system to function as a medium of exchange across all types of goods and values within an economy, it must have the flexibility associated with this divisibility. The currency must be sufficiently divisible so as to accurately reflect the value of every good or service available throughout the economy.blocks bitcoin bitcoin ecdsa flypool ethereum bitcoin simple difficulty bitcoin bitcoin расчет bitcoin code зарегистрироваться bitcoin bitcoin motherboard банкомат bitcoin bitcoin bitrix boxbit bitcoin bitcoin россия bitcoin это баланс bitcoin футболка bitcoin pool monero etoro bitcoin
адрес bitcoin scrypt bitcoin биржа monero blog bitcoin пример bitcoin курс ethereum бесплатно ethereum easy bitcoin monero сложность
bitcoin сколько bitcoin suisse bitcoin fasttech ethereum php bitcoin бесплатные erc20 ethereum bitcoin maps korbit bitcoin зарегистрироваться bitcoin программа tether mercado bitcoin bitcoin store кошелек tether алгоритм ethereum обновление ethereum bitcoin пополнить case bitcoin
bitcoin начало shot bitcoin bitcoin stealer ethereum создатель email bitcoin ethereum serpent r bitcoin bitcoin nonce bitcoin продать ethereum nicehash cryptocurrency mining bitcoin fees котировки ethereum bitcoin synchronization bitcoin ethereum tether wallet андроид bitcoin buying bitcoin bitcoin average ethereum forks ethereum виталий
bitcoin favicon bitcoin golden ethereum address bitcoin blog dollar bitcoin
Below is a screenshot of an Ethereum reward that has been given to the miner of the block. As you can see, the reward is three ethers plus the total accumulated transaction fees of all the underlying transactions in this block, which are 0.0666 ethers.While cryptomining can generate a small income for a cryptocurrency miner, in most cases only in the amount of a dollar or two per day for an individual using their own dedicated computer hardware. Expenses like electricity, internet connection, and computing hardware also impact the net revenue generated by cryptocurrency mining.алгоритм bitcoin bitcoin hype advcash bitcoin ethereum бесплатно сложность bitcoin ethereum addresses monero logo
bitcoin xpub bitcoin технология usd bitcoin bitcoin segwit status bitcoin bitcoin кости kinolix bitcoin
monero bitcointalk bitcoin instaforex ethereum cryptocurrency Launched in 2014, Tether describes itself as 'a blockchain-enabled platform designed to facilitate the use of fiat currencies in a digital manner.' Effectively, this cryptocurrency allows individuals to utilize a blockchain network and related technologies to transact in traditional currencies while minimizing the volatility and complexity often associated with digital currencies. In January of 2021, Tether was the third-largest cryptocurrency by market cap, with a total market cap of $24.4 billion and a per-token value of $1.00.ethereum обменять It is also widely traded on most major cryptocurrency exchanges (including Kraken!), making its market one of the more liquid globally.Crypto Mining Explanatorybitcoin broker These technologies are: 1) private key cryptography, 2) a distributed network with a shared ledger and 3) an incentive to service the network’s transactions, record-keeping and security.bitcoin attack In 2013, Mark Gimein estimated electricity consumption to be about 40.9 megawatts (982 megawatt-hours a day). In 2014, Hass McCook estimated 80.7 megawatts (80,666 kW). As of 2015, The Economist estimated that even if all miners used modern facilities, the combined electricity consumption would be 166.7 megawatts (1.46 terawatt-hours per year). The Cambridge Bitcoin Electricity Consumption Index estimates the energy use of the bitcoin network grew from 1.95 terawatt-hours per year at the end of 2014, to 77.1 terawatt-hours per year by the end of 2019.– Gwern Branwen, Bitcoin is Worse Is Betterbitcoin de bitcoin generate casino bitcoin cryptocurrency tech
torrent bitcoin sportsbook bitcoin
accepts bitcoin обменять ethereum
обновление ethereum bitcoin freebie bitcoin блог demo bitcoin poker bitcoin bitcoin алгоритм
bitcoin стоимость
криптовалют ethereum настройка monero
новости bitcoin ethereum валюта bitcoin satoshi ethereum windows bitcoin redex android tether Who Should Learn Blockchain? ad bitcoin
майнить bitcoin шахты bitcoin card bitcoin миксеры bitcoin платформу ethereum bitcoin монеты bitcoin download all cryptocurrency bitcoin игры bitcoin bloomberg bitcoin dynamics ethereum charts ethereum монета транзакции ethereum проблемы bitcoin ethereum usd ethereum info рост bitcoin server bitcoin bitcoin новости прогноз bitcoin
bitcoin s hardware bitcoin bitcoin anonymous bitcoin расшифровка видеокарты bitcoin Ethereum is a Turing complete language. (In short, a Turing machine is a machine that can simulate any computer algorithm (for those not familiar with Turing machines, check out this and this). This allows for loops and makes Ethereum susceptible to the halting problem, a problem in which you cannot determine whether or not a program will run infinitely. If there were no fees, a malicious actor could easily try to disrupt the network by executing an infinite loop within a transaction, without any repercussions. Thus, fees protect the network from deliberate attacks.